ONU – JUVENTUD

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5073

¿Quiénes son los jóvenes?

No existe una definición internacional universalmente aceptada del grupo de edad que comprende el concepto de juventud. Sin embargo, con fines estadísticos, las Naciones Unidas, sin perjuicio de cualquier otra definición hecha por los Estados miembros, definen a los jóvenes como aquellas personas de entre 15 y 24 años. Esta definición, que surgió en el contexto de los preparativos para el Año Internacional de la Juventud (1985) (Ver A/36/215), fue aprobada por la Asamblea General en su resolución 36/28 de 1981. Todas las estadísticas de la ONU sobre la juventud se basan en esta definición, como se refleja en los anuarios estadísticos sobre demografía, educación, empleo y salud publicados por todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas.

Esta definición de juventud, orientada en el campo de la estadística, implica a su vez que se considere como “niños” a aquellas personas menores de 14 años. No obstante, cabe destacar que el artículo 1 de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Derechos del Niño define a los «niños» como personas de hasta 18 años de edad. En ese momento, se esperaba que la Convención brindara protección y derechos a un grupo de edad lo más grande posible, especialmente porque no había un documento similar sobre los derechos de los jóvenes.

Muchos países también marcan la edad límite del concepto “joven” en función del momento en que son tratados como adultos frente a la ley, lo que se conoce como «mayoría de edad». Esta edad suele ser los 18 años en muchos países; así, a partir de esa edad, la persona será considera como adulto. No obstante, la definición y los matices del término «juventud» varían de un país a otro, según los factores socioculturales, institucionales, económicos y políticos.

Situación mundial de la juventud

En la actualidad, hay 1.200 millones de jóvenes de 15 a 24 años, el 16% de la población mundial. Para 2030, fecha límite para los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), se estima que la cantidad de jóvenes habrá aumentado en un 7%, llegando así a casi 1.300 millones.

A medida que los jóvenes exigen más oportunidades y soluciones más justas, equitativas y progresivas en sus sociedades, se necesita abordar con urgencia los desafíos a los que este sector poblacional se enfrenta (el acceso a la educación, la salud, el empleo y la igualdad de género…).

Los jóvenes pueden ser una fuerza positiva para el desarrollo cuando se les brinda el conocimiento y las oportunidades que necesitan para prosperar. En particular, los jóvenes deben adquirir la educación y las habilidades necesarias para contribuir en una economía productiva; y necesitan acceso a un mercado laboral que pueda absorberlos en su tejido.

Conozca más sobre la situación de los jóvenes en todo el mundo.

La agenda juvenil de las Naciones Unidas está guiada por el Programa de Acción Mundial para los Jóvenes. Dicho programa cubre quince áreas prioritarias para jóvenes y contiene propuestas de acción en cada una de estas áreas. Adoptado por la Asamblea General en 1995, proporciona un marco de políticas y pautas prácticas para la acción nacional y el apoyo internacional con el fin de mejorar la situación de los jóvenes en todo el mundo. Más información sobre el Programa de acción.

Historia de la juventud en la ONU

Las Naciones Unidas han reconocido durante mucho tiempo que la imaginación, los ideales y la energía de los jóvenes son vitales para el desarrollo continuo de las sociedades en las que viven. Los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas reconocieron este hecho en 1965, cuando aprobaron la “Declaración sobre el Fomento entre la Juventud de los ideales de paz, respeto mutuo y entendimiento entre los pueblos”.

Dos décadas después, la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas conmemoró en 1985 el primer “Año Internacional de la Juventud: Participación, Desarrollo y Paz”. La celebración atrajo la atención internacional sobre el importante papel que juegan los jóvenes en el mundo y, en particular, sobre su posible contribución al desarrollo.

En 1995, en el décimo aniversario del “Año Internacional de la Juventud”, las Naciones Unidas fortalecieron su compromiso con los jóvenes. Se adoptó una estrategia internacional: el “Programa de Acción Mundial para los Jóvenes hasta el año 2000 y subsiguientes”, que dirigió la atención de la comunidad internacional y canalizó su respuesta a los desafíos a los que se enfrentarán los jóvenes en el próximo milenio.

En diciembre de 1999, en su resolución 54/120, la Asamblea General aprobó la recomendación formulada por la Conferencia Mundial de Ministros Responsables de la Juventud (Lisboa, 8-12 de agosto de 1998) de que el 12 de agosto fuera declarado Día Internacional de la Juventud. Cada año, con un enfoque diferente, el Día Internacional de la Juventud ayuda a que los problemas juveniles llamen la atención de la comunidad internacional y celebra el potencial de los jóvenes como socios en la sociedad global actual.

Para coincidir con el 25 aniversario del primer Año Internacional de la Juventud, la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, en diciembre de 2009, aprobó la resolución 64/134 , que proclama el año que comienza el 12 de agosto de 2010 como el Año Internacional de la Juventud. La Asamblea hizo un llamado a los gobiernos, la sociedad civil, los individuos y las comunidades de todo el mundo para que apoyen las actividades a nivel local e internacional que marcan el Año.

En 2015, el Consejo de Seguridad aprobó por unanimidad la resolución 2250, que alentó a los Estados a considerar la creación de mecanismos que permitan a los jóvenes participar de manera significativa como constructores de paz para prevenir la violencia y generar paz en todo el mundo. Como la primera resolución del Consejo de Seguridad dedicada por completo al papel vital y positivo de los jóvenes en la promoción de la paz y la seguridad internacionales, esta resolución claramente posiciona a los jóvenes como socios importantes en los esfuerzos mundiales para promover la paz y combatir el extremismo.

En 2018, en la resolución 2419, el Consejo reafirmó la necesidad de implementar plenamente la resolución 2250 y pidió a todos los actores relevantes que consideren formas de aumentar la representación de los jóvenes al negociar y aplicar los acuerdos de paz.

La juventud y los ODS

Un objetivo primordial de la Agenda 2030 es la garantía de que «nadie se quede atrás». Los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible  están destinados a todas las naciones, todos los pueblos de todas las edades y todas las sociedades. La naturaleza universal de la Agenda 2030 implica que los jóvenes deben ser considerados en todos los Objetivos y metas. Los jóvenes se mencionan específicamente en cuatro áreas: empleo juvenil, adolescentes, educación y deportes por la paz. Además, los jóvenes son reconocidos como agentes de cambio, encargados de explotar su propio potencial y asegurar un mundo apropiado para las generaciones futuras. (Fuente: Vínculos entre el desarrollo de la juventud y el desarrollo sostenible)

Si bien todos los  Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible son críticos en el desarrollo de la juventud, las actuaciones en materia de educación y empleo son básicas de acuerdo al último “ Informe Mundial de la Juventud”.

Juventud y el ODS 4: Educación de calidad

La educación es un derecho fundamental para la juventud en todo el mundo. El Objetivo 4 de Desarrollo Sostenible exige una educación de calidad inclusiva y equitativa y la promoción de oportunidades de aprendizaje permanente para todos. Para lograr esto, es necesario redoblar los esfuerzos para garantizar que las mujeres y los hombres jóvenes tengan acceso a una educación gratuita, equitativa y de calidad, así como a oportunidades de capacitación específicas. Las estadísticas más recientes sugieren que existen profundas disparidades globales en la educación, lo que hace que la educación secundaria universal sea una tenue aspiración para muchos, especialmente para aquellos en países más pobres.
Asegurar el acceso a una educación inclusiva y equitativa de calidad es esencial para una transición exitosa al mercado laboral y para lograr un trabajo decente, además de ser clave en el logro de muchos Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. La educación primaria y secundaria de calidad debe complementarse con una educación técnica, profesional y terciaria asequible que proporcione a los jóvenes habilidades fundamentales para el empleo y el espíritu empresarial.

Juventud y ODS 8: Trabajo decente y crecimiento económico

El Objetivo 8 de Desarrollo Sostenible incide en la necesidad de trabajo decente. Para los jóvenes, las cuestiones del desempleo, el subempleo y la mala calidad del empleo han demostrado ser persistentes y desalentadoras. Los jóvenes tienen tres veces más probabilidades de estar desempleados que los adultos, con una tasa global de desempleo juvenil del 13% en 2017. Muchos jóvenes se dedican a un trabajo poco remunerado, precario o informal. Los desafíos de asegurar y conservar un trabajo decente son aún más serios y complejos para aquellos vulnerables y marginados, como mujeres jóvenes, aquellos que viven en zonas que precisan de asistencia humanitaria, jóvenes con discapacidades, los jóvenes migrantes y los jóvenes de las comunidades de lesbianas, gays, bisexuales y transexuales.

Jóvenes en la configuración e implementación de la Agenda 2030

Los jóvenes podrían ser perfectamente denominados como «los portadores de la antorcha» de la Agenda 2030, ya que tienen un papel fundamental que desempeñar, no sólo como beneficiarios de acciones y políticas en la Agenda, sino como socios y participantes en su implementación. De hecho, los jóvenes han sido “arquitectos” en el desarrollo de la Agenda 2030, y siguen participando en los marcos y procesos que apoyan su implementación, seguimiento y revisión.

El bienestar, la participación y el empoderamiento de los jóvenes son impulsores clave del desarrollo sostenible y la paz en todo el mundo. El logro de la Agenda 2030 requiere asociaciones sólidas e inclusivas entre los jóvenes y todas las partes interesadas, de modo que se aborden los  desafíos de desarrollo a los que se enfrentan los jóvenes (como el desempleo, la exclusión política, la marginación, el acceso problemático a la educación y la salud, etc.) y el reconocimiento de su papel como socios en la promoción del desarrollo y el mantenimiento de la paz.

Los jóvenes han estado a la vanguardia de las actividades e iniciativas destinadas a promover la Agenda 2030 y cumplir los Objetivos. Participan de muchas maneras, entre ellas, la sensibilización, la recopilación y el uso de datos, participación en iniciativas de base y nacionales, tareas de monitoreo y cuentas, y colaboración en los informes que se elaboran actualmente.

Naciones Unidas por la juventud

Dado su papel de convocatoria a nivel global, las Naciones Unidas se encuentran en una posición única para actuar como una fuente de protección y apoyo para los jóvenes, y para proporcionar una plataforma a través de la cual se puedan abordar sus necesidades, ampliar su voz y hacer que su compromiso avance.

El Programa de las Naciones Unidas sobre la Juventud  del Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales (DAES), que sirve como centro de coordinación en temas de juventud en las Naciones Unidas, crea conciencia sobre la situación mundial de los jóvenes; promueve sus derechos y aspiraciones; y ayuda a aumentar su participación en la toma de decisiones como un medio para lograr la paz y el desarrollo. DESA coordina la participación de jóvenes delegados en la Asamblea General y el sistema ECOSOC (Consejo Económico y Social), donde los gobiernos incluyen regularmente a los jóvenes en sus delegaciones oficiales.

El Secretario General nombró a su Enviado para la Juventud en enero de 2013 y un Enviado Especial para el Desempleo Juvenil en septiembre de 2016. Juntos, los enviados de la juventud trabajan para aumentar el acceso de los jóvenes a las Naciones Unidas.

Además, DESA prepara el Informe Mundial de la Juventud, una publicación bienal que destaca los aspectos clave del desarrollo juvenil.

El Foro de la Juventud del ECOSOC es un evento anual que proporciona una plataforma para que los jóvenes expresen sus necesidades e inquietudes a través del diálogo informal con otras partes interesadas, en particular los Estados miembros, y para explorar formas de promover el desarrollo juvenil en todos los niveles. El Foro representa un marco más institucionalizado que favorece la participación de los jóvenes en las deliberaciones de las Naciones Unidas. Así, se convierte en un importante vehículo que moviliza el apoyo entre los jóvenes para implementar la Agenda 2030.

La juventud y el sistema de las Naciones Unidas

En 2012, la Junta de los Jefes Ejecutivos del Sistema de las Naciones Unidas para la Coordinación (JJE) discutió el tema de la juventud y el desarrollo sostenible a la luz de la confluencia de los eventos durante la primavera árabe y en preparación para la conferencia Río+20. Los jefes ejecutivos intercambiaron puntos de vista sobre las diversas dimensiones de los problemas programáticos que afectan a los jóvenes, incluido el empleo juvenil, la inclusión política, la salud y la educación. La Junta destacó la importancia de una mayor coordinación del sistema de las Naciones Unidas en apoyo del desarrollo de la juventud.

Posteriormente, UN-DESA y UN-HABITAT lideraron la Red Interinstitucional sobre Juventud y Desarrollo (IANYD)  en la preparación del Plan de Acción para la Juventud (Juventud-SWAP). Respaldada por el JJE en abril de 2013, Youth-SWAP se centra en la acción conjunta de las Naciones Unidas sobre temas relacionados con el empleo y el espíritu empresarial, la inclusión política, el compromiso cívico y la protección de los derechos, la educación (incluida la educación sobre sexualidad) y la salud.

En noviembre de 2015 el CEB aprobó la estrategia para la Iniciativa mundial sobre empleos decentes para los jóvenes, un esfuerzo de todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas para promover el empleo juvenil en todo el mundo.

Recursos

Informes del Secretario General

Informe Mundial de la Juventud

Día Internacional de la Juventud  

Día Mundial de las Habilidades de la Juventud 

28 COMENTARIOS

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    Sabae, located on Japan’s main Honshu island near the city of Fukui, has been producing quality eyewear for more than a century.

    It all started in 1905, when a local government official invited skilled eyeglasses artisans to come to the city to teach their craft, an attempt to create new opportunities for local farmers.

    The move paid off. Today, Sabae has over 100 companies that collaborate to make pairs of glasses.

    Though these studios use cutting-edge machinery to produce new frames made of metal and acetate, most stages still require the skilled hands and trained eyes of Sabae’s master artisans.

    That includes Takeshi Yamae, a frame designer with Japanese brand Boston Club who has lived in the city for 17 years. He tells CNN one pair of glasses can involve more than 200 steps.

    “I first design it, sketch it, then put it into my computer,” he says. “From the time I start designing, to the time I have the perfect product, it takes more than a year.”

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    Sabae, located on Japan’s main Honshu island near the city of Fukui, has been producing quality eyewear for more than a century.

    It all started in 1905, when a local government official invited skilled eyeglasses artisans to come to the city to teach their craft, an attempt to create new opportunities for local farmers.

    The move paid off. Today, Sabae has over 100 companies that collaborate to make pairs of glasses.

    Though these studios use cutting-edge machinery to produce new frames made of metal and acetate, most stages still require the skilled hands and trained eyes of Sabae’s master artisans.

    That includes Takeshi Yamae, a frame designer with Japanese brand Boston Club who has lived in the city for 17 years. He tells CNN one pair of glasses can involve more than 200 steps.

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    Several cities around the globe have reinvented themselves in recent years, but none more successfully than Almaty.

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    “It’s an incredibly livable city,” says long-time American resident Dennis Keen, a historic preservation advocate and founder of Walking Almaty.

    “Green and clean. You don’t need a car. The public transit here is fantastic. And it’s very much the center of contemporary art and dining in Central Asia.”

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    Terrie Morin, 60, and her husband, Dave, were at the barber shop when they heard about a raging wildfire making headway toward their Camarillo home on Wednesday morning.

    The couple were hosting two guests at the time, but because their guests worked late, Morin suspected they slept through the residence’s fire alarms.

    “I run in the house, and I’m banging on the door, and they did not hear me. They were knocked out,” Morin told CNN. “Get the dog. Get out of here. You don’t have time, just get out!” she recalled telling them.
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    Ten minutes later, Dave noticed sparks in their backyard. The temperature was also picking up.

    “It was hot. It was so hot,” Morin recalled.

    Dozens of homes in California’s Ventura County were set alight in a sweeping wildfire that burned through thousands of acres of land in just a matter of hours midweek –– prompting authorities to send more than 14,000 evacuation notices across the region.

    The Mountain Fire began early Wednesday and was driven by winds gusting over 60 mph. The flames have seared through more than 20,485 acres of land, according to Cal Fire.

    The families who evacuated at a moment’s notice, some who say they have now lost their homes, must deal with other losses that can also be devastating, from daily essentials like medications and shoes to meaningful possessions such as sculptures and artwork, to treasured keepsakes from the birth of a child or the life of a parent.

    At least 132 properties have been destroyed by the fire, while 88 have been left damaged, Ventura County Fire Department officials said Thursday evening. Ten damage inspection teams have been deployed to inspect structures along the path of the blaze.

    Ten people endured non-life-threatening injuries from the Mountain Fire, which are mostly related to smoke inhalation, Ventura County Sheriff Jim Fryhoff said.

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    Terrie Morin, 60, and her husband, Dave, were at the barber shop when they heard about a raging wildfire making headway toward their Camarillo home on Wednesday morning.

    The couple were hosting two guests at the time, but because their guests worked late, Morin suspected they slept through the residence’s fire alarms.

    “I run in the house, and I’m banging on the door, and they did not hear me. They were knocked out,” Morin told CNN. “Get the dog. Get out of here. You don’t have time, just get out!” she recalled telling them.
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    Ten minutes later, Dave noticed sparks in their backyard. The temperature was also picking up.

    “It was hot. It was so hot,” Morin recalled.

    Dozens of homes in California’s Ventura County were set alight in a sweeping wildfire that burned through thousands of acres of land in just a matter of hours midweek –– prompting authorities to send more than 14,000 evacuation notices across the region.

    The Mountain Fire began early Wednesday and was driven by winds gusting over 60 mph. The flames have seared through more than 20,485 acres of land, according to Cal Fire.

    The families who evacuated at a moment’s notice, some who say they have now lost their homes, must deal with other losses that can also be devastating, from daily essentials like medications and shoes to meaningful possessions such as sculptures and artwork, to treasured keepsakes from the birth of a child or the life of a parent.

    At least 132 properties have been destroyed by the fire, while 88 have been left damaged, Ventura County Fire Department officials said Thursday evening. Ten damage inspection teams have been deployed to inspect structures along the path of the blaze.

    Ten people endured non-life-threatening injuries from the Mountain Fire, which are mostly related to smoke inhalation, Ventura County Sheriff Jim Fryhoff said.

  11. ‘We barely made it out’: Californians desperately flee their homes amid raging wildfires
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    Terrie Morin, 60, and her husband, Dave, were at the barber shop when they heard about a raging wildfire making headway toward their Camarillo home on Wednesday morning.

    The couple were hosting two guests at the time, but because their guests worked late, Morin suspected they slept through the residence’s fire alarms.

    “I run in the house, and I’m banging on the door, and they did not hear me. They were knocked out,” Morin told CNN. “Get the dog. Get out of here. You don’t have time, just get out!” she recalled telling them.
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    Ten minutes later, Dave noticed sparks in their backyard. The temperature was also picking up.

    “It was hot. It was so hot,” Morin recalled.

    Dozens of homes in California’s Ventura County were set alight in a sweeping wildfire that burned through thousands of acres of land in just a matter of hours midweek –– prompting authorities to send more than 14,000 evacuation notices across the region.

    The Mountain Fire began early Wednesday and was driven by winds gusting over 60 mph. The flames have seared through more than 20,485 acres of land, according to Cal Fire.

    The families who evacuated at a moment’s notice, some who say they have now lost their homes, must deal with other losses that can also be devastating, from daily essentials like medications and shoes to meaningful possessions such as sculptures and artwork, to treasured keepsakes from the birth of a child or the life of a parent.

    At least 132 properties have been destroyed by the fire, while 88 have been left damaged, Ventura County Fire Department officials said Thursday evening. Ten damage inspection teams have been deployed to inspect structures along the path of the blaze.

    Ten people endured non-life-threatening injuries from the Mountain Fire, which are mostly related to smoke inhalation, Ventura County Sheriff Jim Fryhoff said.

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